Kamut bzw. Khorasan-Weizen, roh (bio)

Ancient grains (khorasan wheat, barley, spelt, rye, millet, oat and sorghum) and pseudo cereals (i.e. quinoa, amaranth and buckwheat) are considered healthy due to their higher content of certain components (Wijngaard & Arendt Citation2006) and to their common use as whole grains. Whole grains contain higher amounts of positive components compared to refined grains. Most importantly, dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals, but also other bioactive molecules such as omega 3 fatty acids, prebiotic oligosaccharides, phytosterols, polyphenols, etc., and probably the interaction of all the components rather than each individual one gives whole grains their nutritional value (Slavin et al. Citation2001).

The use of KAMUT^® khorasan wheat flour as a substitute for other ingredients can contribute to the improvement of the nutritional value of the final product. Bread made with KAMUT^® khorasan wheat flour had more carotenoid and was richer in protein compared to breads made with modern wheat (Pasqualone et al. Citation2011). Similarly, total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant capacity were higher in spelt and KAMUT^® flakes and muesli than in corresponding conventional products, although lower than in products made with Dickopf wheat and red wheat (Sumczynski et al. Citation2015). In addition, products made with spelt and KAMUT^® wheat had the highest protein level (Sumczynski et al. Citation2015).

DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2016.1247434

Study: weak evidence

At a general linear model for repeated measurements adjusted for several confounders, consumption of Kamut products showed a significant reduction of metabolic risk factors such as total cholesterol (mean reduction: −8.46 mg/dl; −4%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (−9.82 mg/dl; −7.8%) and blood glucose. Similarly, redox status was significantly improved only after the Kamut intervention phase, as measured by a reduction in both thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (−0.17 nmol/ml; −21.5%) and carbonyl levels (−0.16 nmol/ml; −17.6%). The replacement diet with Kamut products also resulted in a significant increase of serum potassium and magnesium. Circulating levels of key pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, tumour necrosis factor-α and vascular endothelial growth factor) were significantly reduced after the consumption of Kamut products.

Randomisierte, Crossover-Interventionsstudie mit sehr kleiner Stichprobe

DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.206

Study: moderate evidence

A replacement diet with ancient khorasan wheat consumption provided additive protection in reducing total and LDL cholesterol, insulin, blood glucose, ROS production, and some inflammatory risk factors, which are all key factors warranting of control in secondary prevention of T2DM compared to a diet with products made with modern wheat.

Klinische Interverventionsstudie mit sehr kleiner Stichprobe

DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1168-2

Study: moderate evidence

In conclusion, our results demonstrate that (1) the ancient wheats Graziella Ra and Kamut have greater amounts of total and α-gliadin than modern accessions; (2) α-gliadins from such ancient wheats show a strong and specific binding reaction to anti-p31–49 and anti-p56–75 mAbs; (3) the (putatively) less toxic variants of p31–49, DQ2-Glia-α1 and DQ2-Glia-α2 epitopes detected in all accessions, including ancient wheats, do not seem to affect mAbs/epitope binding reactions. Therefore, we suggest that Graziella Ra and Kamut are potentially as toxic as modern wheats with reference to CD and strongly recommend that they should not be introduced in the diet of celiac patients.

Laborstudie

DOI: 10.1100/2012/837416

Study: weak evidence

Gluten is present in all wheat grains and all can induce coeliac disease (CD) in genetically susceptible individuals. Analyses of ‘ancient’ and ‘modern’ wheats show that the protein content of modern bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) has decreased over time while the starch content increased. In addition, it was shown that, compared to bread wheat, ancient wheats contain more protein and gluten and greater contents of many CD‐active epitopes.

Narratives Review

DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12551

Study: weak evidence

In-vitro Laborstudie

DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.11.003

Study: weak evidence

Overall, the presence of the Glia-α9 epitope was higher in the modern varieties, whereas the presence of the Glia-α20 epitope was lower, as compared to the landraces. This suggests that modern wheat breeding practices may have led to an increased exposure to CD epitopes. On the other hand, some modern varieties and landraces have been identified that have relatively low contents of both epitopes. Such selected lines may serve as a start to breed wheat for the introduction of ‘low CD toxic’ as a new breeding trait. Large-scale culture and consumption of such varieties would considerably aid in decreasing the prevalence of CD.

In-Vitro Laborstudie

DOI: 10.1007/s00122-010-1408-4

Study: weak evidence

Kamut wheat, said to have been derived from seed found in the Egyptian pyramids, appeared on the market about 25 years ago. We have investigated its taxonomic placement using microsatellite genotyping. In all, 89 accessions of 13 tetraploid wheat species, along with samples of Kamut wheat, were genotyped using two A and B genome wheat microsatellite markers per chromosome, generating 453 alleles (8–33 alleles per locus), and a mean allelic polymorphic information content (PIC) of 0.80. A diversity analysis showed that nine major accession groups could be defined, and these were inconsistent with formal taxonomic classifications of about 10% of the material. Most of these misclassifications are due to either species introgression or seed admixture. Some accessions appear to be duplicates. The Kamut wheats grouped together in a cluster containing three accessions of Triticum polonicum and three of T. durum, originating from Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Israel. We suggest that Kamut perhaps derived from a natural hybrid between T. durum and T. polonicum, which occurred in the Fertile Crescent.

Laborstudie (DNA-Fingerprint)

DOI: 10.1079/PGR2006120

Study: weak evidence

The complete nutritional analysis of Kamut brand grain substantiates that it is higher in energy than other wheats. Compared to common wheat, it is higher in eight out of nine minerals; contains up to 65% more essential amino acids; and boasts more lipids and fatty acids. The most striking superiority of Kamut brand wheat is found in its protein level—up to 40% higher than the national average for wheat. Because of its higher percentage of lipids, which produce more energy than carbohydrates, Kamut brand can be described as a ‘high energy grain’. Athletes, people with busy lives and anyone looking for quality nutrition will find Kamut brand products a valuable addition to their diet (Abdel-Aal et al., 1998).

Buchkapitel/Narrativer Review

DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-100719-8.00014-0

Book: weak evidence

Website

Epidemiological studies have consistently demonstrated the benefits of dietary fibre on gastrointestinal health through consumption of unrefined whole foods, such as wholegrains, legumes, vegetables and fruits. Mechanistic studies and clinical trials on isolated and extracted fibres have demonstrated promising regulatory effects on the gut (for example, digestion and absorption, transit time, stool formation) and microbial effects (changes in gut microbiota composition and fermentation metabolites) that have important implications for gastrointestinal disorders.

Narrativer Review in wissenschaftlichem Journal

DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-00375-4

Study: weak evidence

There is a wealth of epidemiological evidence based on systematic reviews of trials and cohorts to support the higher fibre recommendation. This includes evidence of reductions in the risk for CVD (both heart disease and stroke) and lower risk of type 2 diabetes, lower blood pressure, lower LDL-cholesterol, as well as some cancers. Beneficial effects of fibre operate via a diverse range of mechanisms throughout the digestive system including the mouth, stomach and small and large intestine; some of which are still not completely understood.

Narrativer Review in wissenschaftlichem Journal

DOI: 10.1017/S0029665119000673

Study: weak evidence

Dietary fiber intake, independently of macronutrient and caloric intake, promotes weight loss and dietary adherence in adults with overweight or obesity consuming a calorie-restricted diet.

Randomisierte kontrollierte Ernährungsstudie in wissenschaftlichem Journal

DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz117

Study: weak evidence

Ernte

Der Ertrag von Khorasan Weizen beträgt laut Literatur von 1,2 to/ha bis maximal 2,6 to/ha.
Landwirt*innen berichten von grossteils geringeren Erträgen.

Besonderheiten

Wichtig: die Bezeichnung „Kamut“, die für den Khorasan Weizen auch gebräuchlich ist, ist eine geschützte Markenbezeichnung und darf ohne Genehmigung nicht verwendet werden!

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Ernte

Die Ernte erfolgt Mitte August. Bei Winterweichweizen ist ein Ertrag von 3.000 bis 5.000 kg/ha bei optimaler Kulturführung möglich. Auf eine rasche Reinigung ist bei der gedroschenen, trockenen Ware zu achten, damit das Getreide nicht eventuell Feuchtigkeit von eventuell mitgedroschenen grünen Unkrautsamen anzieht.

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Sowohl die konventionelle Landwirtschaft als auch der Ökolandbau emittieren erhebliche Mengen an Treibhausgasen. Zwar weist die ökologische Landwirtschaft pro Kilogramm Getreide um etwa 60 Prozent geringere Treibhausgasemissionen auf als die konventionelle Produktion.

Der Ökolandbau an sich ist kein Klimaretter. Theoretisch könnte eine vollständige Umstellung auf klimaoptimierte ökologische Landwirtschaft die Emissionen um 15 bis 20 Prozent reduzieren. Das würde jedoch nicht ausreichen, um die langfristigen Klimaziele für die Industrieländer, eine Reduktion um 60 bis 80 Prozent bis zur Mitte des Jahrhunderts, zu erreichen. Zudem würde eine vollständige Umstellung bei gleicher Produktionsmenge 60 Prozent mehr Fläche, etwa 10 Millionen Hektar, erfordern. Diese steht in Deutschland (und in Europa) jedoch nicht zur Verfügung. Ökologische Landwirtschaft liesse sich also nur dann auf der bisherigen Fläche betreiben, wenn die Produktion und der Verzehr von Fleisch (vornehmlich Rindfleisch) und Milch um etwa 70 Prozent zurückgehen.10 Entsprechend würden sich auch die Treibhausgasemissionen in der Landwirtschaft verringern. Ausschlaggebend für den Klimabeitrag des Ökolandbaus wäre also vor allem die verminderte Produktion aufgrund geringerer Erträge auf gleicher Fläche, weniger die emissionssparenden Methoden des Ökolandbaus.

Eine alternative Klimastrategie bestünde in der klimatechnischen Optimierung der konventionellen Landwirtschaft, vor allem über einen geringeren Einsatz von Mineraldünger. Diese Optimierung brächte etwa 7 Prozent Einsparungen an Treibhausgasen.

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Cereal/grain/pulse products Wheat, kernels, whole/cracked 0,84

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Ressourcenanalyse

DOI: 10.5194/hess-15-1577-2011

Khorasan wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. turanicum Jakubz.) has been grown thousands of years ago in the area of ancient civilizations, the Middle East, and ancient Egypt. This ancient type of wheat was cultivated in the area of Big Khorasan (Northeastern Iran area of and neighboring countries) 6,000 years ago.

Labborstudie

Study: weak evidence

Growing of Kamut is exclusively managed by license agreements and re- quires organic certification of the crop. Today production is mainly carried out in Montana, North Dakota, Alberta and Saskatchewan. Production was recently reported also for Australia, whereas pro- duction in Europe failed so far because of no suitable production area and/or lack of feedback by farmers.

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This review is a collection of information on bioactive compounds found in the grain of different Triticum species, both old and modern. The whole wheat grain, as well as its parts, e.g., bran, contains compounds, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkylresorcinols, benzoxazinoids, tocopherols, carotenoids, and others. These compounds differ in both their chemical structure and biological properties. There are significant differences in the content and composition of these compounds between Triticum species. Apart from the wheat species, there are many other factors influencing these differences, e.g., cultivars, environmental factors, growth conditions, and farming systems. The Triticum species the best researched and described in terms of the content of bioactive compounds are Triticum aestivum L., T. durum Desf., T. spelta L., T. turgidum L., T. monococcum L., T. dicoccum Schrank, T. timopheevii, and T. polonicum L.

Narrativer Review in wissenschaftlichem Journal

DOI: 10.3390/molecules31040667

Study: weak evidence

The bran layer of wheat grains is relatively rich in
antioxidant compounds. Polyphenols are a large
group of phytochemicals including flavonoids (the
most representative in wheat kernels), phenolic
acids, coumarins, tannins, lignans and stilbens. In
wheat kernels, polyphenols exist in three forms:
soluble, soluble conjugated (linked to low molecular
weight sugars) and bound to cell wall components.
All polyphenols present high antioxidant activity,
arresting the damaging oxidative chain reaction
caused by free radicals (peroxide, O2), thus preventing
many degenerative human diseases (i.e. heart disease
and cancer). In particular, BP possess strong anti-
cancer properties as they survive the digestion
process and reach the colon, where the endothelial
cells may absorb phenolics and gain antioxidant pro-
tection (Kroon et al. 1997). The free phenolic contents
observed in the present study were higher than those
reported in the literature for soluble compounds in
modern durum wheat varieties harvested in Italy
during 1 year of cultivation (Bellato et al. 2013;
Ciccoritti et al. 2013), but were in line with those
recorded by Fares et al. (2010), taking into account
the insoluble fractions. Great variability was observed
in the amount of antioxidant compounds during the
21 cropping years of the present study. The observed
positive correlations among total precipitation and
free and TP and flavonoids were expected. In fact,
phenolic biosynthesis can be induced by various
biotic stress and therefore the observed variability
among years of cultivation may also be related to
fungal diseases present at different levels of severity
(Dixon & Paiva 1995). Moreover, no significant corre-
lations between phenolic compounds and tempera-
ture were observed for the cropping years used in
the present study.
The characterization of nutritional and nutraceut-
ical properties of wheat grains harvested in Montana
(USA) from 1989 to 2012 allowed investigation of
the nutrient and phytochemical accumulation as a
function of changing environmental conditions in a
long-term experiment. The analysis showed great vari-
ability among samples collected in different years of
cultivation. In particular, greater environmental
effects were observed for polysaccharides (starch
and some dietary fibre components) and for phenolic
compounds. Due to the major exposure of the crop to
climatic changes, lower nutrient availability and pests/
diseases, the effects of environmental conditions in
agricultural low-input systems may exert higher influ-
ence when compared with conventional ones
(Bilsborrow et al. 2013). More research is needed to
investigate the cause of location effects, the correla-
tions with soil samples and previous crops planted in
the rotation, with the potential to extend the study to
include genotype, and determine the heritability of
the antioxidant properties. The present study has a
unique value, because in the literature little work is
presented where the same genotype is cultivated
during 21 cropping years in the same environment.
The literature reports several works about the simula-
tion of crop growth in order to provide useful tools
for agricultural producers and policy makers to
better quantify weather risk associated with crop pro-
duction, as well as developing crop and soil manage-
ment practices that reduce the risk to acceptable
levels. ...

Analytische Studie zur Nährstoffzusammensetzung

DOI: 10.1017/S002185961700003X

Study: weak evidence