Pflaume, roh, bio? (Edelpflaume)

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Experimentelle, vergleichende Labor- und Feldstudie

Of the individual phenolic acids tested, chlorogenic acid was dominant in the flesh, followed by the ferulic and vanillic acids, while among flavonoids, catechin hydrate predominated, followed by epicatechin (Table 4). Chlorogenic acid has been proven to protect human LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and to act as a scavenger against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species [54]. Chlorogenic acid intake can reduce the risks of chronic metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative and age-related disorders, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart failure, and other cardiovascular risks, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.

The major phenolic acids identified in the fruit peel were chlorogenic and vanillic acids, depending on the cultivar, while among flavonoids, rutin was dominant, followed by catechin hydrate (Table 5). Rutin is also acknowledged as a potent antioxidant with many pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-viral, antiallergic and antithrombotic activities.

The main plum species, both wild and cultivated, are Prunus domestica L., Prunus cerasifera Ehrh., Prunus spinosa L., Prunus institia L. and Prunus salicina Lindley, but the most globally cultivated plum species are the European plum (P. domestica L.) and the Japanese plum (P. salicina Lindl.), on which the plum processing industry is currently based.

Prunus domestica L. varieties are adapted to a wide range of climatic and edaphic factors, being extensively cultivated in Asia, Europe, and North America. Ranking fourth after apple, peach and pear, the European plum varieties are widely cultivated throughout Europe in the temperate fruit-growing zones, Serbia, Romania, Germany, France and Bulgaria being the countries with the largest plum cultivated areas [5,6]. According to FAOSTAT [7], Romania ranks third after China and Serbia as the largest producer of plums. In recent decades, in Romania, the plum varietal assortment has been developed and improved by breeding new autochthonous varieties or by introducing valuable foreign cultivars with higher adaptability and disease tolerance, higher yield and superior nutritional value [8,9]. ‘Centenar’, ‘Silvia’, ‘Minerva’, ‘Carpatin’, ‘Andreea’ and ‘Record’ are some of the new plum cultivars bred and named in Romania.

Plums could constitute a valuable component of our diet as they represent an excellent source of nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, and carbohydrates (i.e., glucose, fructose, sucrose and sorbitol) [10,11,12]. In addition, fresh fruits contain high levels of fibers (pectin), organic acids (malic and citric acids), tannins, enzymes, and carotenoids, but low levels of proteins (0.7%) and lipids (0.28%) [13]. The minerals in plums, including potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc, possess alkalizing and mineralizing properties for the human body [14]. The organic acids create complexes with heavy metal ions, thus inhibiting their oxidation–catalyzing action [1]. The high soluble fiber content of plums, such as pectin, as well their sorbitol content, contribute to the well-known laxative and diuretic properties of plums, by drawing water into the colon and maintaining regular bowel movements. Dietary pectin has been linked also to a cholesterol-lowering effect by binding cholesterol molecules and facilitating their excretion from the body.

Fruits of Prunus domestica L. have great economic importance as, besides being consumed fresh, they provide many processing opportunities. Plums are used in the food industry to produce prunes, compotes, nectars, jams, preserves and alcoholic beverages.

DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae11070734

Study: weak evidence

Experimentelle Laborstudie/Post-Harvest-Forschung

A range of fruits such as plum, blueberry and grape berry (e.g. Rustioni et al., 2012, Rosenquist and Morrison, 1988) develop a conspicuous white coating during their ontogeny, designated as the wax bloom and sometimes, but not always, associated with a large wax content. The wax bloom is both an external visual (speckled fruit) (Drkenda, 2000) as well as physiological fruit quality parameter (removal of the water loss barrier). Previous work (Mukhtar et al., 2014) correlated the wax bloom with water loss and storability of plums.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2014.04.016

Lagerung: DieLagerung von Zwetschken ist bei einigen Sorten wenige Tage möglich, dazu müssen sie einzeln aufgelegt werden.Neuere Sorten können bis zu 8 Wochen gelagert werden, wenn sie bereits vorreif geerntet werden. Allerdings fehlt ihnen dann das Aroma, das sich auch nicht mehr entwickelt.

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Molekulargenetische Studie/Laboranalyse

The low genetic diversity and lack of true wild-types coupled with the known cultivation history of Eurasian plums imply that P. domestica may have been a product of inter-specific cross breeding and artificial selection by early agrarian Eurasian societies.

DOI: 10.1038/s41438-018-0090-6

Deskriptive Feld- und Laborstudie

Prunus cerasifera Ehrh., commonly known as myrobalan or cherry plum, belonging to the genus Prunus is thought to originate from southeastern Europe (Balkans, Crimea) and western and central Asia (Caucasus, Iran, Iraq) and grows in both wild and cultivated forms across neighboring regions of Europe and Asia.

DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10101057

Study: weak evidence

In-Vitro-Studie

Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.) is a thorny shrubby plant species that belongs to the rose family (Rosaceae) and is commonly distributed in most of Europe, Asia Minor, and northwest Africa.

DOI: 10.3390/foods11203289

Study: weak evidence

Pflaume, Zwetschge, Reneklode und auch Mirabelle gehören sind alle Unterarten der Pflaumen (Prunus domestica). Sie unterscheiden sich in Wuchsform, Aussehen, Geschmack und Verwendung. Pflaumen und Zwetschgen sind sich sehr ähnlich und werden gern miteinander verwechselt.

Pflaumen: Ihre Früchte sind grösser und runder und haben mehr und saftigeres Fruchtfleisch als die Zwetschgen. Das Fruchtfleisch bleibt gern am Kern kleben. Pflaumen sind sehr vielseitig verwendbar, ob als Frischobst zum Naschen, auf dem Kuchen oder in anderen Gerichten.

Zwetschgen: Diese Unterart hat längliche und kleinere Früchte als die Pflaumen, festeres Fruchtfleisch und der Kern lässt sich leicht lösen. Sie können gut zu Mus verarbeitet oder auch für Knödel und Kuchen verwendet werden.

Mirabellen: Klein und gelb und zahlreich sind die Früchte der Mirabellen. Sie sind frisch nur kurz haltbar und sollten bald nach der Ernte verarbeitet werden. Aus diesem Grund findet man sie kaum im Handel. Neben dem Frischverzehr lassen sie sich gut zu Marmelade verarbeiten oder einwecken.

Reifezeit: in der Tabelle

"Einen Pflaumenbaum pflanzen", "Schadbilder und Krankheiten" & "Pflaumen ernten"

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Experimentelle Laborstudie

Fruits were harvested at consumption maturity in period July–September.

DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.072

Study: weak evidence

Vergleichende Feldstudie (comparative field study)

The plum tree is cultivated on all the continents due to its adaptability, on a surface of
more than 2 million ha. In the temperate climate, the plum is one of the most cultivated
species. The consumers appreciate the fruits of this species, either fresh or used for jam,
compote, dehydrated plums, juices etc. Plums are high in carbohydrates, low in fat and low in calories. Plums are an excellent source of vitamin A, calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium and fibre. Plums are free of sodium and cholesterol, and contain a substantial amount of vitamin C.

Short Communication

Prunus species are cultivated in different regions of the Union Territories of Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh of which Prunus domestica (plum) is widely cultivated in Kashmir whereas Prunus armeniaca (apricot) is common to Ladakh. The present species, Prunus domestica subsp. italica is a group of cultivated common European plum [4, 5, 8] commonly called greengages. “Greengage” is derived from a green-fruited wild plum found in the Middle East [6]. Sometimes, greengage and gage are treated as syno-nyms; however, all gages are not green [9, 10]. This spe-cies also includes varieties like subrotunda, rotunda and vinaria [4, 5]. The former is purple to blackish, sometimes bright yellow round plums whereas the latter two are the Austrian varieties. 

Greengage is called Reneklode in Ger-many, Ringle in Czech Republic, Ringlo in Hungary, Ring-loty in Slovakia and Rainha Claudia in Portugal.

DOI: 10.1007/s40009-022-01183-x

Study: weak evidence

Gliederung von Prunus domestica nach Röder (1939, 123):
subsp. insititia (L.) POIRET – Haferschlehen, Kriechen
var. pomariorum BOUT. – Spillinge
var. cerea (L.) – Mirabellen
subsp. italica – Rundpflaumen
var. claudiana POIR.
var. subrotunda
subsp. intermedia – Halbzwetschen
var. ovoidea (MART.) – Eierpflaumen
var. oxycarpa (BECHST.) – Ovalpflaumen
var. mamillaris (Schüb. et Mart.) – Dattelzwetschen
var. „Halbzwetschen” – eigentliche Halbzwetschen
subsp. oeconomica – Zwetschen
var. pruneauliana SER. apund D. C.

Eine Gliederung der Prunus domestica ist deshalb nicht leicht durchzuführen, da ihre Unterarten
miteinander hybridisieren. Die Nachkommen sind sehr heterogen und spalten sehr stark auf (Hartmann
2015, 12). Sie weisen mehr oder weniger intermediäre Merkmalsausprägungen auf. Die vielen
morphologischen Zwischenformen erschweren die Einteilung (Sehic et al. 2015, 196). Auch
Zwischenformen aus Artkreuzungen kommen natürlich vor. In Mittelitalien wurden Bäume entdeckt, die
natürlich aus der Kreuzung von Prunus domestica subsp. insititia bzw. Prunus domestica mit Prunus
cerasifera entstanden (Woldring 2000, 541). Auch Kreuzungen von Schlehe und Europäischer Pflaume
wurden in Schweden, in den Niederlanden und westlich des Bodensees gefunden. Sie besitzen eine
Chromosomenzahl von 2n=40 und werden in der Literatur als Prunus fruticans WEIHE bezeichnet
(Janchen 1956, 350; Körber-Grohne 1996, 45 u. 260f).

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Experimentelle Studie (Laborexperiment / Postharvest-Versuch)

Plums are climacteric fruit with a limited postharvest storage life due to acceleration of quality loss, affecting some properties such as colour, texture, total soluble solids (TSS) and total acidity (TA). The use of cold storage is an appropriate means to delay ripening by reducing ethylene production, respiration rate, pigment changes, softening, the increase in TSS and the reduction in TA (Crisosto et al., 2007, Guerra and Casquero, 2008, Díaz-Mula et al., 2009). Several attempts have been made to maintain plum quality during storage by combining cold storage and 1-methylcyclopropene (Valero et al., 2003), polyamine (Valero et al., 2002), heat and calcium (Serrano et al., 2004) treatments.

DOI: 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2011.02.010

in-vitro Zellkulturstudie

DOI: 10.1021/jf900259m

Study: weak evidence

Experimentelle Laborstudie

DOI: 10.1021/jf021207+

Study: weak evidence

In-vivo Präklinik/Tiermodell

DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.05.052

Study: weak evidence

Unser Saisonkalender bietet Ihnen Inspiration für einen klimabewussten Einkauf und Abwechslung auf Ihrem Speiseplan. Monat für Monat geben wir Ihnen einen Überblick über saisonale Früchte- und Gemüsesorten. Wer in jeder Jahreszeit auf einheimisch saisonale Produkte setzt, verursacht bezogen auf seinen Obst- und Gemüsekonsum 8- bis 10-mal geringere Klimabelastungen als der Schweizer Durchschnitt.

Pflaume hat im Aug. und Sept. Saison in der Schweiz

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narratives Review

The difference was statistically significant, but this amount of prunes clearly did not
cause diarrhea, because the water content of stools
was the same for the prune and control period. It
is interesting to note that prunes are traditionally
used in north Italy as both a laxative and antidiarrheal remedy.

Sorbitol was reported to cause a laxative action35 in animals and humans when administered as a syrup (83% sorbitol). A dose of 16 to
25 g of sorbitol was effective in 12 individuals to
274
cause “very soft or watery stools”. Twelve large
dried prunes (~15 g sorbitol) or a cup of prune
juice (24 g sorbitol) could reach this threshold of
sorbitol content, especially in susceptible individuals.

DOI: 10.1080/20014091091814

Study: weak evidence

Systematische Übersichtsarbeit (Systematic Review)

The increased interest in plum research has been attributed to its high phenolic content, mostly the anthocyanins, which are known to be natural antioxidants.

A total of 73 relevant peer-reviewed journal articles were included in this review. The level of evidence remains low. Of the 25 human studies, 6 were confirmatory studies of moderate quality, while 19 were exploratory. Plums have been shown to possess antioxidant and antiallergic properties, and consumption is associated with improved cognitive function, bone health parameters and cardiovascular risk factors. Most of the human trials used the dried version of plums rather than fresh fruit, thus limiting translation to dietary messages of the positioning of plums in a healthy diet.

The plum is a drupe fruit which belongs to the subgenus Prunus (Family Rosaceae). The subgenus can be differentiated from other subgenera (peaches, cherries, etc.) as the shoots have a terminal bud and unclustered single side buds, the flowers combine in groups of one to five on short stems, and the fruit have a crease running down one side and a smooth seed. Between 19 and 40 different species of plum exist. Of these, only 2, the hexaploid European plum (Prunus domestica) and the diploid Japanese plum (Prunus salicina and hybrids), are of commercial significance across the globe (Topp et al., 2012). The nutritional composition of the two species is considered similar (Table 1). The European plum is believed to have been discovered about 2000 years ago, with its origin somewhere near the Caspian Sea. The fruit was introduced into the USA in the 17th century by pilgrims, w

the level of evidence remains low. Of 25 clinical studies, nine studies included randomization to a plum supplementation group, but only one of these studies adequately described the method of randomization and blinding. Nonetheless, results from some of the study outcomes are consistent. Considering bone health as the main study outcome, the polyphenols present in the plum appear to be responsible for the benefits. However, Hooshmand and Arjmandi (2009) suggested that even though dried plum polyphenols have some bone modulating properties, the synergistic effect of these polyphenols, together with potassium and vitamin K, is required to produce potent effects on bone mass and microarchitecture and to reverse ovariectomyinduced bone loss in mature animals. Regardless, compared with other dried fruits (apple, apricot, grape and mango), only the dried plum exhibited an anabolic effect on trabecular bone in the vertebra and prevented bone loss (Rendina et al., 2013). Some of the findings from the in vitro studies have been confirmed in animal studies but remain to be confirmed in human clinical trials.

The drying process significantly decreases anthocyanin and flavonol content of plums (Piga et al., 2003). The effect of other processing methods on the antioxidant properties of plums has been studied by Valero et al. (2012). Blanching decreased the tannins and antiradical efficiency of the fruits but increased the total polyphenol content, while osmotic dehydration had no effect on the total polyphenol and ferric reducing power. Fresh plums also have a higher free radical scavenging capacity (superoxide and peroxy radicals) and antioxidant activity than dried plums (Morabbi Najafabad and Jamei, 2014). Regardless, prunes are known to contain higher levels of phenolic compounds than most fruits and also possess higher radical scavenging activity, even possibly the highest in dried fruit and vegetable products present in human diet (Shahidi, 2012). Further studies are required to compare the health effects of fresh plum, plum juice and dried plum in human trials

Table 1.

DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5581

Study: strong evidence

Plums are the ubiquitous fruit belonging to genus Prunus, subgenus Prunus, consumed as food and have many health benefits and medicinal effect in the treatment of many diseases. Pulp from plums is also used in different beverages. Plums are the potential source of polyphenolic compounds and bioactive compounds such as phenolic, anthocyanins, and carotenoids and many organic acids such as citric acid and malic acid. Plums are also the abundant sources of many minerals such as calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and vitamins A, B, K, and C. Plums are the abundant sources of predominant antioxidants and phenolic compounds such as caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, crypto-chlorogenic acid, and neo-chlorogenic acid. These antioxidants and bioactive compounds are effective in the treatment and prevention of gastrointestinal diseases, bone heath, and cardiovascular diseases and in maintaining the blood glucose level. Plums helps in the heart diseases prevention, as it is low in fat content and high in dietary f iber. It is also effective in the treatment of lung and oral cancer. The consumption of plums boosts human health and prevents many diseases.

Consumption of plums is the easy way to meet the daily recommendation of the fruit intake. The unique property of polyphenols and bioactive compounds mainly hydroxycinnamic subordinates like chlorogenic, neochlorogenic, and quercetin (a p-coumaric acid and caffeic acid) is proven to be effective in enhancing bone health and promotes hearth health, thus preventing cardiovascular diseases. Plum consumption is also linked with reducing weight loss and regulates the blood glucose level. It is also used in the prevention of cancer growth limit by diminishing and inhibiting colonic beta-glucuronidase, 7-alpha-dehydroxlase by fixing the optional bile acid production. Plums containing high amount of fiber, istain, and sorbitol help in the proper functioning of digestive system and thus help relieve constipation. Plums contain abundant minerals mainly such as potassium, iron, and fluoride that helps in regulating and controlling blood pressure level by maintaining the body fluid level. Plums helps in preventing the damage to the cell components mainly neurons and fats that are involved in the formation of cell organelles that prevents macular degeneration. In any of the studies no adverse effects of plums are noted including this review.

DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2023.2249254

Study: weak evidence

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Fruits 727 147 93 967 460 2.10

536 Plumsandsloes 1570 188 422 2180

DOI: 10.5194/hess-15-1577-2011

8. Apfel (bio), Durchschnitt  0,2 

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Feldbeobachtungs- und Ökologie-Studie

Insect pollinators interact with flowering plants to underpin wider biodiversity, ecosystem
function and resource conservation services to agricultural crops (Dar et al. 2017a) [17] and ultimately contributes to human nutrition [...] The fruit crop
production increases significantly after cross-pollination by
insects (Wei et al., 2019) [39], e.g. production rates increased 2
to 4.5 times after cross-pollination by bees.

Experimentell-quantitative Feldstudie mit Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

By adopting the optimal management strategy of the HL group, farmers at the county level can narrow the differences in yields and environmental impacts, resulting in high yields and low environmental impacts simultaneously. 

DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1158591

Laborexperiment / chemische Rückstandsanalyse

The persistence of insecticide residues in fruits depends on several factors, including the chemical nature of the compound, the structural composition of the fruit, the dosage applied, and the timing of pesticide application.

The determination of pesticide residue levels in fruits and vegetables plays a vital role in ensuring food quality and safeguarding human health. According to international data, approximately 2.5 million  tons  of  insecticides  are  produced  annually  worldwide,  with  about  27%  of  them  being applied specifically to fruits and vegetables [1, 2].Data  from  the  United  Nations  Children's  Fund  (UNICEF)  and  the  World  Health  Organization (WHO) indicate that pesticide poisoning accounts for around 300 million cases globally each year, with approximately 220,000 of these resulting in fatalities [3].Taking this into consideration, in 2019, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) declared the year 2020 as the “International Year of Plant Health” [4, 5].Among insecticides, the most widely used are those belonging to the neonicotinoid class [6].The level of pesticide residues in fruits varies significantly across different countries and regions, which  is  closely  related  to  local  pesticide  application  practices,  regulatory  standards,  and agricultural  management  strategies [8].In  China,  pesticides  such  as  chlorpyrifos,  imidacloprid, acetamiprid, carbendazim, and prochloraz are extensively used for the control of apple pests. Due to their high stability and water solubility, these pesticides tend to persist in the fruit.