Gewürznelken, gemahlen, roh?, bio? (Nägeli, Würznelken)

Ein einfacher Qualitätstest ist der sogenannte Schwimmtest: Sinken sie ab, sind sie hochwertig, bleiben sie an der Oberfläche, ist kein oder kaum noch Öl in der Knospe. 

Die beste Qualität an Gewürznelken kommt auch heute noch von den Molukken (Indonesien), aus Sansibar und Madagaskar.

Book: weak evidence

Für Eugeniin, eine Gerbstoffkomponente, liess sich ein antiviraler Effekt (Hemmung der Herpes-simplex-Viren-Replikation) nachweisen. Die Kombination eines wässrigen Nelkenextraktes mit Acyclovir erwies sich als effektiver als die jeweiligen Einzelsubstanzen. 

. Der zu den Myrtengewächsen (Fam. Myrtaceae) zählende Gewürznelkenbaum (› Abb. 3.104) ist auf den Molukken und den Philippinen beheimatet. Ursprungszentrum ist die vulkanische Inselkette von Ternate, Tidori, Mare, Moti und Makian, die westlich von Neu-Guinea liegen. In dieser Region sind auch heute noch wilde Gewürznelkenbäume anzutreffen. Ansonsten wird der Baum in vielen tropischen Regionen der Welt angebaut. Die Pflanze bevorzugt nährstoffreiche, gut durchfeuchtete, aber wasserdurchlässige Böden.

Allgemeines Eine Beschreibung der Gewürznelken ist bereits in einem ayurvedischen Buch 1500 v. Chr. zu finden. Die Gewürznelken kamen im 4. Jh. mit den Arabern nach Europa und waren bereits 300 Jahre später ein wichtiger Bestandteil des damaligen Heilmittelschatzes. Man nahm an, dass sie Herz, Haupt und Magen stärken. Sie galten gemäss der Säftelehre als warm und trocken im 3. Grad. Man nahm sie daher z. B. bei Ohnmachten, Rohigkeit des Magens, Schwindel, kalten Hirnkrankheiten, schwachem Gesicht sowie zur Vertreibung böser Mutterkrankheiten. Ihre desinfizierende Wirkung war bereits sehr früh bekannt. Im Werk des Gelben Kaisers im alten China wurde empfohlen, die Nadeln mit dem Öl der Nelkenknospe zu behandeln.

 Die deutsche Bezeichnung „Nelke“ ist abgeleitet von Nagel; die Knospen erinnern in der Form an Nägel. Verwandte Worte sind in nahezu allen indoeuropäischen Sprachen zu finden. 

 Gewürznelken enthalten 15–22 % ätherisches Öl (nach Ph. Eur. mind. 15%) mit den Hauptkomponenten Eugenol (70–95 % im Nelkenöl, 

Droge und Dosierung Zur Anwendung kommen die Blüten und das Öl der Droge: Gewürznelken (Caryophylli flos). Gewürznelkenöl (Caryophylli aetheroleum).

Dosierung: Die Dosis in Mundwässern entspricht 1–5 % ätherischem Öl und ist für Erwachsene geeignet. Salben enthalten 10 % ätherisches Öl; zum anorektalen Gebrauch werden 1% Gewürznelkenöl in eine Creme eingearbeitet. • Dosierungsvorschläge (Koop. Phytopharmaka) für Mundwässer zur Anwendung bei Kindern › Ta

 Das Nelkenöl wirkt als Repellent für Mücken und Schaben. Auf einen Mückenstich aufgetragen vermindert es die entzündliche Reaktion. I

Eine schützende Wirkung ist bei Anopheles albimanus und Aedes aegyptii gegeben, für eine Zeitdauer von 1,5-3,5 Std. Bei Zecken (Ixodes ricinus) wirkt Nelkenöl als ein langwirksames (4–8 Std.) Repellent

Book: moderate evidence

 Spices, cloves, ground

Website

Book: weak evidence

Herbal medicinal products have been documented as a significant source for discovering new pharmaceutical molecules that have been used to treat serious diseases. Many plant species have been reported to have pharmacological activities attributable to their phytoconstituents such are glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenes, etc. Syzygium aromaticum (clove) is a traditional spice that has been used for food preservation and possesses various pharmacological activities. S. aromaticum is rich in many phytochemicals as follows: sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, hydrocarbon, and phenolic compounds. Eugenyl acetate, eugenol, and β-caryophyllene are the most significant phytochemicals in clove oil. Pharmacologically, S. aromaticum has been examined toward various pathogenic parasites and microorganisms, including pathogenic bacteria, Plasmodium, Babesia, Theileria parasites, Herpes simplex, and hepatitis C viruses. Several reports documented the analgesic, antioxidant, anticancer, antiseptic, anti-depressant, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial activity of eugenol against several pathogenic bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis and S. aureus. Moreover, eugenol was found to protect against CCl₄₋induced hepatotoxicity and showed a potential lethal efficacy against the multiplication of various parasites including Giardia lamblia, Fasciola gigantica, Haemonchus contortus, and Schistosoma mansoni. This review examines the phytochemical composition and biological activities of clove extracts along with clove essential oil and the main active compound, eugenol, and implicates new findings from gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis.

Narrativer Review in wissenschaftlichem Journal

DOI: 10.3390/biom10020202

Study: weak evidence

By this research, we present a novel perspective on the use of essential oils as an alternative, environmental biopesticide.

In-vitro-Laborstudie

DOI: 10.3390/agriculture12030338

Study: weak evidence

Book: strong evidence

The ethyl acetate extract exhibited the highest antifungal activity against C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. tropicalis with inhibition zone diameters of 20.9, 14.9, and 30.7 mm, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the S. aromaticum ethyl acetate extract was 250 μg/disc against C. tropicalis, and 500 μg/disc against C. albicans and C. glabrata, while the minimum fungicidal concentration was 0.5 mg/disc against C. tropicalis and 1 mg/disc against the C. albicans and C. glabrata. GC-MS analysis of the ethyl acetate extract revealed the main bioactive compound as eugenol (58.88%), followed by eugenyl acetate (23.86%), trans-caryophyllene (14.44%), and α-humulene (1.88%). The cytotoxicity assay indicated that the diethyl ether extract demonstrated the lowest toxicological effect against the HUH7 cell line, with a relative IC₅₀ of 62.43 μg/ml; the methanolic extract demonstrated a higher toxicity (IC₅₀, 24.17 μg/ml).

Laborstudie in wissenschaftlichem Journal

DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-2818-8

Study: weak evidence

The use of natural compounds to prevent and treat infective diseases is increasing its importance, especially in the case of multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms-mediated infections. The drug resistance phenomenon is today a global problem, so it is important to have available substances able to counteract MDR infections. Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry (commonly called clove) is a spice characterized by several biological properties. Clove essential oil (EO) consists of numerous active molecules, being eugenol as the principal component; however, other compounds that synergize with each other are responsible for the biological properties of the EO. S. aromaticum is traditionally used for bowel and stomach disorders, cold and flu, oral hygiene, tooth decay, and for its analgesic action. Its EO has shown antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, neuro-protective, anti-stress, anticancer, and anti-nociceptive activities. This review aims to investigate the role of E. S. aromaticum EO in the counteraction of MDR microorganisms responsible for human disorders, diseases, or infections, such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Candida albicans, Giardia lamblia, Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. This study might orient clinical researchers on future therapeutic uses of S. aromaticum EO in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.

Narrativer Review in wissenschaftlichem Journal

DOI: 10.3390/molecules29050999

Study: weak evidence

Syzygium aromaticum, commonly called clove, is a culinary spice with medical uses. Clove is utilized in cosmetics, medicine, gastronomy, and agriculture due to its abundance of bioactive components such as gallic acid, flavonoids, eugenol acetate, and eugenol. Clove essential oil has been revealed to have antibacterial, antinociceptive, antibacterial activities, antifungal, and anticancerous qualities. Anti-inflammatory chemicals, including eugenol and flavonoids, are found in clove that help decrease inflammation and alleviate pain. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic qualities of clove oil have made it a popular natural cure for toothaches and gum discomfort. Due to its therapeutic potential, it has been used as a bioactive ingredient in coating fresh fruits and vegetables. This review article outlines the potential food processing applications of clove essential oil. The chemical structures of components, bioactive properties, and medicinal potential of clove essential oil, including phytochemical importance in food, have also been thoroughly addressed.

Narrativer Review in wissenschaftlichem Journal

DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22437

Study: weak evidence

Just by relying on courage and experience, farmers can harvest the cloves regardless of their own safety while moving at the top of the clove tree. Based on the interviews with resource persons, it was noted that from 2012 to 2015 in Samigaluh Sub-district, there were several incidents of clove farmers who fell from the clove tree. They stated that in the last four years, there were twelve fallen victims, who died after falling from the height of clove trees. Meanwhile, there were twenty to twentyfive people have dislocated legs as they slipped from the top of the clove tree.

Produktentwicklungsstudie

DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1367/1/012040

Syzygium aromaticum is an aromatic plant native to Indonesia, and introduced to tropical regions worldwide. As an ingredient in perfumes, lotions, and food preservation, it is widely used in the food and cosmetic industries. Also, it is used to treat toothache, ulcers, type 2 diabetes, etc. A variety of nutrients such as amino acids, proteins, fatty acids, and vitamins are found in S. aromaticum. In addition to eugenol, isoeugenol, eugenol acetate, β-caryophyllene and αhumulene are the main chemical constituents. The chemical constituents of S. aromaticum exhibit a wide range of bioactivities, such as antioxidant, antitumor, hypoglycemic, immunomodulatory, analgesic, neuroprotective, anti-obesity, antiulcer, etc. This review aims to comprehend the information on its taxonomy and botany, nutritional composition, chemical composition, bioactivities and their mechanisms, toxicity, and potential applications. This review will be a comprehensive scientific resource for those interested in pursuing further research to explore its value in food.

Narrativer Review in wissenschaftlichem Journal

DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1002147

Study: weak evidence

Book: weak evidence

Book: weak evidence

The major types of phenolic compounds found were phenolic acids (gallic acid), flavonol glucosides, phenolic volatile oils (eugenol, acetyl eugenol) and tannins. It was highlighted the huge potential of clove as radical scavenger and as a commercial source of polyphenols.

On the other hand, the World Health Organization (WHO) established that the daily quantity acceptable of clove per day is of 2.5 mg/kg of weight in humans[10]

Narratives Review

DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(14)60215-X

Study: weak evidence

What are the lessons that can be learnt from our experience? Firstly one can be aware that clove oil is potentially very toxic b

The patient, a 2 year old boy, presented one hour after drinking between 5 and 10 ml of clove oil. Initial examination showed the patient to be distressed and crying, albeit a little drowsy, but otherwise normal. However, within three hours he had deteriorated into a deep coma with a marked acidosis. Eight and a half hours after ingestion the patient had a generalised seizure treated with intravenous diazepam.

Fallstudie

DOI: 10.1136/adc.69.3.392

Study: weak evidence

Spices-dried aromatic parts of plants (leaves, seeds, bark, roots, rhizomes, buds, etc) used to enhance flavour, taste and colour (sensory quality) of foods, are increasingly finding other useful roles in healthcare beyond their primary use as culinary organoleptic enhancers. Several spices are currently being investigated for their potential health benefits, because of the failing efficacy, toxicity and high cost associated with conventional drugs. One such spice: Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. and L.M.Perry [Myrtaceae] (Clove), has a multi-dimensional role in diet, medicine, functional foods and nutraceuticals, agriculture, among other industries. Peer-reviewed articles, mostly from PubMed and Google Scholar, were consulted for the purpose of this review. The nutritional and phytochemical contents, selected biological activities as well as some functional foods and beverages of clove and their uses for human health are presented. Although these observations are largely empirical, the efficacious attributes have led to their pharmacological applications in the indigenous system of medicine all over the world and bridge between food, diet and medicine. Considering the GRAS status of clove, more studies on bioavailability, accumulation, toxicity, dosage and efficacy of clove as a spice drug or functional foods in biological systems especially in humans are required. Meanwhile, clove and its products can be used as co-adjuvants in the prevention, treatment and management of chronic diseases. Further, many applications of clove in food, health, cosmetics, pharmaceutics, nanoparticles and agricultural industries are still open for investigations.

Narrativer Review in wissenschaftlichem Journal

DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.793200

Study: weak evidence

Clove has been traditionally used in dyspeptic complaints, flatulence and diarrhoea as a decoction (Blaschek et al 2008). 

Caryophylli floris aetheroleum has been traditionally used externally or locally for the treatment of toothache and minor infections of the mouth and skin, dressing of minor wounds, sore throats and coughs associated with the common cold, myalgia, rheumatic complaints, insect bites, flatulent colic or nausea (Blaschek et al 2008, WHO Monographs 2002, Koch 1953, Dingermann et al 2004, Barnes et al 2002, Frerichs et al 1938). The German commission E proposes the use of the essential oil for treatment of inflammations of the oral and pharyngeal mucosa and in dentistry for topical anaesthesia (German commission E in Blumenthal et al 1998). 

Caryophylli floris aetheroleum or eugenol alone is widely used in dentistry mixed with zinc oxide as temporary filling material (Blaschek et al 2008).  The high content of eugenol makes the medicinal use in the proposed indication plausible. 

A Herbal substance  Traditionally as decoction for treatment of dyspeptic complaints, flatulence or diarrhoea (Blaschek et al 2008)   Herbal preparation (Caryophylli floris aetheroleum) Indication A Mouth washes Inflammations of the oral and pharyngeal mucosa (German commission E in Blumenthal et al 1998) B Undiluted essential oil or solutions in a strength of minimum 50% or gels in a strength of 20% Authorised products in UK: temporary relief of toothache due to dental cavity 

Traditional use of Caryophylli aetheroleum: The analgesic and antimicrobial properties of clove oil, as described below, make the dental and oromucosal use plausible. Traditional use for more than 30 years is documented. Adequate tests on reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of clove oil have not been performed, however experimental data on genotoxicity suggest that the main constituent of clove oil, eugenol, might be harmful.  Use of eugenol in dentistry: Eugenol can be part of temporary pulp fillings in dentistry. Eugenol is mixed with zinc oxide, giving a paste which hardens quickly when coming into contact with saliva. This special application is not within the scope of a Community herbal monograph and will therefore not be further discussed. 

Caryopyhlli flos and Caryophylli floris aetheroleum and its preparations can be regarded as traditionally used, in the following indications: temporary relief of toothache due to a dental cavity and symptomatic treatment of minor inflammations in the mouth or the throat. There is no documented use of medicinal products containing Caryophylli flos as the only active ingredient. Therefore no monograph for Caryophylli flos has been developed, which is communicated in a public statement. In Caryophylli aetheroleum, the main component eugenol gives reason for safety concerns. Natural compounds with a similar allylbenzene structure, like safrole and methyleugenol, are known as genotoxic carcinogens. Available data regarding genotoxicity of eugenol are inconsistent and equivocal. In general the toxicity of eugenol is estimated to be considerably lower compared to methyleugenol.

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The study investigated the effects of diet supplementation with 1% clove flower buds powder combined with either 0.2% lemon balm extract or 0.2% agrimony extract (each of the two pulverized extracts supplied through drinking water) on body weight of broilers, total feed intake, feed conversion ratio and the carcass yield, activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px, EC 1.11.1.9) in blood, concentration of sulfhydryl ()SH) groups, malondialdehyde (MDA), vitamin A and E, low-density lipoproteins in the blood plasma, serum cholesterol, total lipids, triglycerides and high-density lipoproteins in broiler chickens at 42 days of age.

The control group (1st group) of broilers received a basal diet (BD) without any feed and water additive. Both experimental groups of chicks were fed BD enriched with clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) powder at a dose of 10 g/kg DM for 42 days. Moreover, either lemon balm (Mellisa officinalis L.) extract or agrimony (Agrimonia eupatoria L.) extract diluted with drinking water (2:1000) was given to broilers in the 2nd and 3rd group respectively. The results indicated that feeding the diets enriched with selected herbal supplements failed to affect the growth performance of broiler chickens at 42 days of age. In addition, this supplementation had no influence on the activities of SOD and GSH-Px, concentration of vitamin A and selected lipid metabolism indices. On the other hand, we observed beneficial effects on some indices of the antioxidant status (increased concentration of )SH groups and vitamin E, decreased concentration of MDA) in the blood of broilers in both experimental groups in comparison with the control group of chickens (p < 0.05). F

It could be concluded that supplementation of the diet with clove flower buds powder combined with lemon balm extract or agrimony extract dissolved in drinking water has a potential to increase the antioxidant status but fails to influence either the growth performance or the selected lipid metabolism indices of broilers at the age of 42 days.

To estimate the prooxidat/antioxidat status in an organism, the determination of activities of antioxidant enzymes (such as superoxide dismutase, gluthatione peroxidase) as well as concentrations of malondialdehyde, sulfhydryl groups and vitamins in blood are generally employed. Recent in vivo studies in poultry conducted by Faixova et al. (2009), Faix et al. (2009), Hoffman-Pennesi and Wu (2010) and Toghyani et al. (2010) indicated beneficial effects of dietary supplementation of some herbs and herb extracts (Cinnamomum zeylanicum oil, borneol, thymol, thyme oil and thyme) on blood chemistry and antioxidant status of broilers.

In-vivo Tierstudie (Fütterungsstudie)

DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01207.x

Study: weak evidence

children 11 years to Adults: 1/4 tsp. Clove powder (2 tsp. in each twelve hours); two drops of clover oil in a litde warm water up to eight times a day if well tolerated by teh stomach

Book: moderate evidence

Ursprungszentrum des Nelkenbaums ist eine vulkanische Inselkette westlich von Neu-Guinea gelegen, wo auch heute noch wilde Gewürznelkenbäume vorkommen. Von dort gelangte er auf die südlich davon gelegenen Inseln Ambon und Seram und wurde dort allmählich domestiziert. Heute wird der Gewürznelkenbaum als Nutzpflanze in vielen tropischen Ländern kultiviert. Das Artepitheton aromaticum beschreibt den intensiven, aromatischen Geruch der Blätter.

Der immergrüne Nelkenbaum wird 20 m hoch, trägt ledrige, glänzende Blätter und weiss­lich-rosa Blüten in dreifach dreigabeligen Trugdolden. Die als Gewürz genutzten Blüten­knospen sind rötlich-braun, 15 bis 17 cm lang. Der obere Teil ist kopfig und besteht aus den 4 dickfleischigen, dreieckigen Kelchblättern, die vier, zu einem kugeligen Gebilde zusammen geschlossene Kronblätter umschliessen. Der untere Teil der Knospe ist ein schmaler, vierkantiger Schaft (botanisch: Receptaculum), in dem der Fruchtknoten mit den zahlreichen Samenanlagen liegt.

Arzneilich verwendete Pflanzenteile (Droge)

Verwendet werden die getrockneten Blütenknospen (Gewürznelken - Caryophylli flos), allerdings hauptsächlich als Gewürz („Gewürznelken“), mit ihrem typischen Geruch, der beim Zerreiben deutlich wahrzunehmen ist. Er wird durch ein ätherisches Öl („Nelkenöl“) verursacht, das in grossen Ölbehältern im Blütenknospengewebe liegt. Arzneilich genutzt wird ausschliesslich das ätherische Öl (Nelkenöl - Caryophylli floris aetheroleum).
Die im Handel befindlichen Gewürznelken werden aus Madagaskar, Indonesien, Malaysia, Sansibar, Pemba, Sri Lanka und Südamerika importiert, Hauptlieferländer für das Nelkenöl sind Madagaskar, Indonesien und Tansania.

Inhaltsstoffe der Droge

Gewürznelken enthalten ätherisches Öl („Nelkenöl“) mit seinem aromatischen Geruch nach Eugenol (Hauptkomponente), ausserdem Flavonoide und Gerbstoffe. Eugenol ist im Nelkenöl zu 75 bis 85 % enthalten, ausserdem enthält es Acetyleugenol, ss-Caryophyllen und andere Terpene

Anerkannte medizinische Anwendung
Arzneiliche Verwendung findet nur das Nelkenöl und das daraus isolierte Eugenol.
Das HMPC hat Nelkenöl als traditionelles pflanzliches Arzneimittel eingestuft (siehe „Tradi­tionelle Anwendung“).
ESCOP: Nelkenöl: kurzzeitig als lokales Anästhetikum in der Zahnheilkunde; als des­infizierendes Mundspülmittel, bei chronischen Analfissuren; diese Anwendungsgebiete stützen sich auf Erkenntnisse der langjährigen Anwendung am Menschen.
Kommission E: Nelkenöl wird lokal bei entzündlichen Veränderungen der Mund- und Rachen­schleimhaut angewendet und in der Zahnheilkunde zur örtlichen Schmerzstillung.

Traditionelle Anwendung
Das HMPC hat Nelkenöl als traditionelles pflanzliches Arzneimittel (§ 39a AMG) eingestuft. Basierend auf langjähriger Erfahrung kann Nelkenöl zur Behandlung leichter Entzündungen der Mund- und Rachenschleimhaut eingesetzt werden sowie zur provisorischen Linderung von kariesbedingten Zahnschmerzen.

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Im Ziel der klimafreundlichen Ernährung
(50% besser als der Durchschnitt).

7 g CO₂eq -> 2 g Nelken

Nelken
83 40 1352 314

CO₂ Tra kcal Gew

Website

”Clove” currently has a climate footprint of 1.06 kg CO₂e/kg.

Website

The impact of transport is small for most products, but there is one exception: those which travel by air.

Many believe that air freight is more common than it actually is. Very little food is air-freighted; it accounts for only 0.16% of food miles.⁹ But for the few products which are transported by air, the emissions can be very high: it emits 50 times more CO₂eq than a boat per tonne kilometer.¹⁰

Many of the foods people assume to come by air are actually transported by boat — avocados and almonds are prime examples. Shipping one kilogram of avocados from Mexico to the United Kingdom would generate 0.21kg CO₂eq in transport emissions.¹¹ This is only around 8% of avocados’ total footprint.¹² Even when shipped at great distances, its emissions are much less than locally-produced animal products.

Which foods are air-freighted? How do we know which products to avoid?

They tend to be highly perishable foods. This means they need to be eaten soon after they’ve been harvested. In this case, transport by boat is too slow, leaving air travel as the only feasible option.

Some fruits and vegetables tend to fall into this category. Asparagus, green beans, and berries are common air-freighted goods

Website

698 Cloves 59834 30 1341 61205

Vanillabeans 86392 39048 1065 126505

Ökobilanz-Studie

DOI: 10.5194/hess-15-1577-2011

Beef 14,414 550 451 15,415

Ökobilanz-Studie

DOI: 10.1007/s10021-011-9517-8

The Principles of Health, Ecology, Fairness, and care are the roots from which organic agriculture grows and develops. They express the contribution that organic agriculture can make to the world, and a vision to improve all agriculture in a global context.

[About us: Our world’s food and farming systems currently face multiple challenges ranging from increasing hunger, climate change, and biodiversity loss to farmers and food workers not earning a decent income. The way we produce and consume food can either alleviate or exacerbate these conditions.]

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Wild clove trees are common in the lower montane forests of many islands in the Moluccas and New guinea. Unlike cultivated trees, wild trees have larger and less aromatic flower buds and leaves. Their essentiial oil content is also less and it has a resistant to mativudjang disease than cultivated cloves. 
The flower buds are harvested by climbing the trees and picking the buds growing on the tips of the branches when they ar efully grown but unopened. The bud is then green or beginning to turn red. Whole inflorescences are picked by hand and the buds rubbed off and dried in the sun as quickly as possible. This produces the hard, dark brown flower buds we know as cloves. each tree yields about two kg of cloves a year with the peak harvest being from June until September.

Book: weak evidence

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is native to Indonesia and used as a spice in virtually all of the world’s cuisine. Clove bud oil, a yellow liquid, is obtained from distillation of buds. The quality of oil is influenced by origin, post-harvest processing, pre-treatment before distillation, the distillation method, and post-distillation treatment. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of drying process and prolonged storage on essential oil composition of clove bud from the Tolitoli, Indonesia. To determine the effect of drying, fresh clove bud was dried under sunlight until it reached moisture content 13±1 %. The effect of storage was studied in the oil extracted from clove bud that was stored in laboratory at 25 °C for 4 months. The essential oil of each treatment was obtained by steam distillation and its chemical composition was analyzed by GC/MS. The major components found in fresh and dried clove are as follows: eugenol, eugenyl acetate, and caryophyllene. Percentage of caryophyllene was slightly increase after drying but decrease during storage. While the content of eugenyl acetate decreased during drying and storage, the content of eugenol increased. The drying and storage also affect to the change on minor compounds of essential oil of clove.

EE: Hastuti LT, Saepudin E, Cahyana AH, Rahayu DUC, Murni VW, Haib J. The influence of sun drying process and prolonged storage on composition of essential oil from clove buds (Syzygium aromaticum). In Depok, Jawa Barat, Indonesia; 2017 [cited 2024 Jun 12]. p. 030092. Available from: https://pubs.aip.org/aip/acp/article/649634

In-vitro-Laborstudie

DOI: 10.1063/1.4991196

Study: weak evidence

This study is aimed at identifying the chemical composition of the essential oil extracted from the Syzygium aromaticum seeds, as well as investigating its biological activities, insecticide effect, and allelopathic properties. The extraction yield was about 14.3 and 7.14% for grounded and ungrounded seeds, respectively. The GC-MS analysis allowed the identification of 17 heterogeneous compounds, including eugenol (68.7-87.4%), as major compound, cyperene (20.5-7.2%), phenethyl isovalerate (6.4-3.6%), and cis-thujopsene (1.9-0.8%), respectively, for grounded and ungrounded seeds. Concerning the antibacterial activity, the diameter of the inhibition zone reached 35 mm when the essential oil extracted from grounded seeds was applied against Escherichia coli. Regarding the antioxidant activity via the DPPH radical scavenging test, the IC₅₀ varied from 1.2 ± 0.1 to 2.8 ± 0.5 μg/mL. With respect to reducing power, the efficient concentration EC₅₀ ranged from 32 to 50 μg/mL. The essential oil exhibited also an allelopathic effect against seeds of Hyoscyamus niger, as well as an insecticide effect against Sitophilus oryzae with a DL₅₀ value of 252.4 μL/L air. These findings enhance the use of this spice as a natural food preservative and encourage its use in several fields, including pharmaceutical, cosmetics, agriculture, and therapy, that could be a strategic way to guarantee the consumer’s health.

Experimentelle Laborstudie

DOI: 10.1155/2021/9940591

Study: weak evidence