Kapern, konserviert (roh?, bio?)

Nährstofftabellen.

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Kapern in Essig konservieren: In Südeuropa ist das Einlegen der Kapern in Salzlake sehr beliebt, bei uns ist Essig gängiger. Dabei kommt es zu einem Prozess, bei dem die Bitterstoffe – ähnlich wie beim Einlegen von Oliven – weitgehend abgebaut werden. Zuvor sollten die Kapernknospen mehrmals in einer Schüssel mit frischem Wasser gewaschen werden: Legen Sie die Kapern hinein, waschen Sie sie gründlich und giessen Sie dann das Wasser ab. Geben Sie dann einen Esslöffel Salz in eine Schüssel Wasser und fügen Sie für zehn Minuten die Knospen hinzu. Giessen Sie das Salzwasser ab und lassen Sie die Kapern auf einem Handtuch oder Küchenpapier abtrocknen. 

Zum Einlegen von 250 Gramm Kapern benötigen Sie etwa 150 Milliliter Essig, 150 Milliliter Wasser, 1 Teelöffel Salz, 2 bis 3 Pfefferkörner und 4 Esslöffel Olivenöl. Geben Sie Essig, Wasser, Salz und Pfefferkörner in einen kleinen Kochtopf und lassen Sie die Mischung kurz aufkochen, bevor Sie sie von der Kochstelle ziehen. Füllen Sie die vorbereiteten Kapern in saubere, sterilisierte Einmachgläser und übergiessen Sie sie mit dem Sud. Fügen Sie zum Schluss das Olivenöl hinzu, bis alle Kapern gut bedeckt sind, und verschliessen Sie die Gläser luftdicht. Lassen Sie die Kapern etwa zwei Wochen an einem kühlen, dunklen Ort durchziehen, bevor Sie sie verwenden. Solange sie mit Flüssigkeit bedeckt sind, sind eingelegte Kapern mehrere Monate im Kühlschrank haltbar.

Kapern in Salz einlegen

Wer auf den essigsauren Geschmack lieber verzichten möchte, kann Kapern auch nur in Salz einlegen. Geben Sie dazu die Knospen in ein sauberes Glas, füllen Sie Meersalz hinzu – das Salzgewicht sollte etwa 40 Prozent des Gewichts der Kapern betragen. Mischen Sie Kapern und Meersalz gut durch und drehen Sie das Glas täglich um. Nach etwa zehn Tagen wird die entstandene Flüssigkeit abgegossen und erneut Salz hinzugefügt (etwa 20 Prozent des Kaperngewichts). Nach weiteren zehn Tagen inklusive Drehen des Glases können Sie die Kapern abtropfen und auf einem Handtuch oder Küchenpapier abtrocknen lassen. Die salzig eingelegten Kapern halten einige Monate – vor dem Verzehr sollten sie allerdings erst gewässert werden.

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Narratives Review

C. spinosa L. is naturally extended from the Atlantic coast of Morocco to the west of Asia and other countries around the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea, like Armenia and Iran [4,5]. Besides its concentrated distribution in North Africa and Europe, the caper plant is also found in a few Oceanian countries like Papua New Guinea and Australia [6,7]. In Morocco, the caper plant is called Lkebbar and is commonly used among communities in the regions where the plant is grown and produced. Even though C. spinosa L. is widely distributed in various parts of Morocco, from the northeastern to the mid-southern Atlantic, the main regions where most C. spinosa L. populations are located and produced, according to the Ministry of Agriculture and Maritime Fishing, are Safi, Fez, Taounate, and Zerhoun [8].

The C. spinosa L. plant (Figure 1A) is a thorny shrub with a woody trunk and can be described as a bush with long flexible and drooping branches, all coming out of a single large strain. It reaches, in general, 0.40 to 0.80 m high, and 1 to 1.5 m wide [6]. C. spinosa L. has spiny leaf stipules, which portray the spinosa species. The terminal ends of twigs are the parts that start the flower buds (Figure 1B). The closed flower buds (called capers) are the most well-known pieces of the plant and are used for human consumption. These flower buds are not to be confused with the immature fruits, which are called caper berries and are characterized by a greenish color and a bitter taste [7]. Both the flower buds and fruits are usually salted, pickled, and used as ingredients, seasonings, condiments, or garnishes (Figure 1C) [5,9].

"The chemical structures of identified compounds from C. spinosa L. are shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3. It has been reported that the amounts of the flavonoids kaempferol and quercetin are remarkable in the caper’s fruits and buds. Several flavonoid glycosides such as quercetin 3-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-glucoside-7-O-rhamnoside, and rutin have been isolated from C. spinosa L.[41,42] Notably, rutin, known for its strong antioxidant activity, is reported to be abundant in the plant.[25] In addition, several fractions from the fruits’ aqueous extract have shown other types of flavonoids, such as chrysoeriol, apigenin, and thevetiaflavone.[43]"

"In addition to flavonoids, many alkaloids have been isolated and identified from the fruits and roots of C. spinosa L. (Figure 2). Fruit extracts have been shown to contain highly polar, water-soluble alkaloids, such as capparisine A, capparisine B, capparisine C, 2-(5- hydroxymethyl-2-formylpyrrol-1-yl)propionic acid lactone, and N-(3’-maleimidy1)-5-hydroxymethyl-2- pyrrole formaldehyde.[25,44] A novel alkaloid tetrahydroquinoline acid (1, Figure 2) and two enantiomers of a new benzofuranone (2a and 2b, Figure 3) were also isolated and characterized from the stems and fruits of C. spinosa L.[45]"

"The bioactive phytochemical analysis of C. spinosa L. has shown that this species presents a very rich source of nutraceuticals and a wide range of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tocopherols, and terpenoids."

"Many terpenoids have also been isolated from C. spinosa L. (Figure 3). α-Tocopherol and γ-tocopherol have been found in the buds,[51] while many carotenoids, such as lutein, β-carotene, neoxanthin, and violaxanthin, have been found in the leaves and buds of the plant."

"C. spinosa L. has been known and utilized as a medicinal plant for quite a long time in conventional phytomedicine to treat many illnesses.[3] In several old traditions in Arabic, Chinese and Greek cultures, the root bark and leaves were mixed with vinegar or honey and consumed to treat ulcers.[17] The roots mixed with vinegar or honey were also consumed to treat liver and kidney ailments in ancient Egypt and Arab civilizations.[18] In ancient Egypt and Roman, the roots were used to prepare a poultice to bandage a hardened spleen or take away white vitiligo spots.[17] Meanwhile in India, the buds and roots were made in a poultice to treat boils, the leaves were made in a poultice to treat swellings, and the bark was consumed to treat cough, asthma, and inflammation.[19] In some traditional systems of Arab medicine, dried fruits are taken orally with a glass of water to cure diabetic and hypertension issues.[12] Ancient Romans used the buds of C. spinosa L. to treat paralysis.[13]"

"Other parts of the caper bush are still being used as a traditional treatment to either prevent or treat many different disorders, such as haemorrhoids.[23] Splenomegaly, growth of tubercular glands, and mental disorders have been treated by using the root barks.[24] The root barks can also be used as a broncho relaxant to treat some cases of coughs in certain places in India.[18]"

"The flavonoid rutin was shown to strengthen the capillaries and inhibit the platelet clump formation in the blood vessels.[13] The flavonoid quercetin was also shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.[77]"

"C. spinosa L. has also demonstrated good immunomodulatory activity. A methanolic extract of the buds, which contains high content of flavonoids including quercetin and kaempferol, has shown immunoregulatory activity on human PBMCs.[25]" "At a concentration of 400 μg/ mL, each of the extracts significantly increased the proliferation of the T lymphocyte cells"

"There are a limited number of reports on the toxicity and side effects of C. spinosa L., which suggested it to be a safe plant with no acute, sub-acute, or chronic toxicity.[12,26,54,56,72] A study on the acute toxicity of methanolic extracts of C. spinosa L. fruits and root barks in albino Wistar rats with several oral doses ranging from 500 to 5000 mg/kg body weight of each of the extracts has shown no kidney nor liver toxicity.[56] In a sub-chronic toxicity study, the albino Wistar rats treated with doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg/ day of each of the extracts showed no symptoms of toxicity during a period of 4-week observation."

"Nevertheless, one case of allergic contact dermatitis caused by C. spinosa L. when applied the leaves and fruits as a wet compress solution to treat epicondylitis was reported. C. spinosa L. contains isothiocyanates (mustard oils) in both the leaves and fruits.[106] The inflammation of the skin in this case was suggested to be due to the high concentration of isothiocyanates in the compressed solution and the prolonged contacting time.[106"

"It can, in this manner, play a great valuable biological role in these areas to protect against soil erosion, but it can also be cultivated for other applications."

DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200300

Study: weak evidence

Morphologische Analyse (experimentell-deskriptiv)

The genus Capparis L. (Capparaceae) consists of about 250 species distributed mostly in tropical and subtropical regions (Jacobs, 1965; Barbera, 1991; Fici, 2001).

Capparis spinosa is the most important species. 

In Tunisia, caper is characterized by a wide geograph- ical distribution (Jacobs, 1965; Barbera, 1991; Levizon, Drilias & Kyparissis, 2004; Saadaoui et al., 2007). Indeed, a morphological study of vegetative and repro- ductive apparatus shows that in Tunisia there is only one species with two different subspecies: C. spinosa subsp. spinosa (thorny caper) and C. spinosa subsp. rupestris (inerm caper) (Pottier-Alapetite, 1979; Saadaoui et al., 2007). 

"It grows from the Atlantic coasts of the Canary Islands and Morocco to the Black Sea and to the Crimea and Armenia, and eastwards to the Caspian Sea and into Iran"

"It is a shrub native to Mediterranean countries and grows wild on walls or in rocky coastal areas. Caper has a large natural distribution."

"This reflects the adaptation of this plant to diverse soil and climatic conditions such as drought, high temperature and salinity (Rhizopoulou & Psaras, 2003; Levizon, Drilias & Kyparissis, 2004). It prefers dry heat and intense sunlight and can easily survive summer-time temperatures higher than 40°C. The perennial shrub plant is generally thorny and hairy (Francis, 2004)."

DOI: 10.1111/aje.12012

Narratives Review

"Recently, a wide range of evidence has shown that this plant possesses different biological effects, including antioxidant, anticancer and antibacterial effects. Phytochemical analysis shows that C. spinosa has high quantities of bioactive constituents, including polyphenolic compounds, which are responsible for its health-promoting effects, although many of these substances are present in low concentrations and significant changes in their content occur during processing. In addition, there is negligible scientific evidence regarding any adverse effects."

"Over the past two decades, much attention has been paid to the pharmacological effects of C. spinosa because of its high number of bioactive constituents, especially its polyphenolic compounds (Bonina et al., 2002; Germano et al., 2002; Tesoriere et al., 2007; Tlili et al., 2010). Phytochemical analysis showed that different parts of C. spinosa are rich sources of polyphenols and research has thus been focused on the health-promoting effects of this plant and its active constituents"

"In traditional medicine, different parts of C. spinosa have been widely used for the treatment of various human diseases (Eddouks et al., 2004; Mishra et al., 2007; Polat, 2007). It has been reported that the aerial parts and roots of C. spinosa have been used for the treatment of rheumatism, gastrointestinal problems, headache, kidney and liver disease as well as toothache (Esiyok et al., 2004; Mishra et al., 2007; Sher and Alyemeni, 2010; Zhou et al., 2010; Lansky et al., 2013). The leaf, roots and buds of C. spinosa have been suggested by Arabian traditional medicine for the treatment of different human diseases such as spleen diseases, stomach problems, skin diseases, earache and kidney diseases as well as hepatic diseases (Al-Qura’n, 2009; Sher and Alyemeni, 2010; Tlili et al., 2011). In addition, it has been recommended for the treatment of paralysis, convulsions and gum problems (Rivera et al., 2003; Jiang et al., 2007; Tlili et al., 2011). Its fruits have been traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes, headache, fever and rheumatism (Rivera et al., 2003; Jiang et al., 2007; Tlili et al., 2011).It has also been reported that the roots, fruit and bark of C. spinosa have been used as diuretic, tonic and antimalarial agents in Iranian traditional medicine (Miraldi et al., 2001; Ahvazi et al., 2011; Mosaddegh et al., 2012). Moreover, the leaves of C. spinosa have been traditionally used as analgesic, anti-hemorrhoid, antirheumatic and antiinflammatory agents (Tlili et al., 2011). It has also been reported that C. spinosa possesses a beneficial effects on coughs and asthma (Jiang et al., 2007). In addition, the flowers of C. spinosa have been suggested as stimulants to increase erection (Jiang et al., 2007)"

"In terms of phytochemical constituents, C. spinosa is by far one of the most studied medicinal plants to date. The chemical compositions of the various parts include alkaloids, flavonoids, glucosinolates, phenolic acids, terpenoids and more."

"The content of flavonoids in caper is subjected to several changes depending on different factors such as processing, pH, extraction method, fermentation etc. Before use as a food, usually caper berries are traditionally fermented in brine using lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus pentosus (Pérez Pulido et al., 2005). This bacterium is helpful in reducing the bitter taste of unprocessed caper products because of the presence of phenolic compounds. In a study of Francesca et al. (2016) caper berries fermented with L. pentosus were analyzed for the presence of flavonoids by HPLC-ESIMS and compared with non-fermented batches. Results showed that fermented caper berries have a phenolic profile different with respect to that of unprocessed fruits. Notably, during fermentation quercetin was formed by hydrolysis of rutin upon activity of different enzymes (Lin et al., 2014; Tranchimand et al., 2010). Rutin was the most abundant flavonoid occurring in both fermented and unprocessed samples"

"The essential oil composition was dominated by methyl isothiocyanate, the product originated by glucocapparin degradation, while the water infusion was a good source of flavonoids known for antiproliferative effects against colon cancer cells"

DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5684

Study: weak evidence

Die Ernte ist auch heute noch Handarbeit: Sorgfältig werden die Knospen im Frühjahr an trockenen Tagen am besten morgens von Hand gepflückt. Sie sollten beim Pflücken noch fest und geschlossen sein. Erntereife Kapern sind oliv- bis bläulich-grün. Roh sind sie ungeniessbar und ähnlich bitter wie frische Oliven. Daher werden sie gewaschen, angewelkt und danach in Salzlake, Essig oder Öl eingelegt. Durch das Konservieren werden die enthaltenen Bitterstoffe weitgehend entfernt.

Der Echte oder Dornige Kapernstrauch (Capparis spinosa) ist ein dorniger Halbstrauch. Er wird bis zu 1 Meter hoch und kann sich bis zu 3 Meter in der Fläche ausbreiten. Der Echte Kapernstrauch ist der bekannteste der rund zehn verschiedenen Kapernsträucher im Mittelmeerraum. Die wilden Kapernsträucher sind äusserst genügsam und wachsen sogar auf kargem, sonst unfruchtbarem Boden, Felsen und dem Gemäuer von alten Ruinen. Nicht umsonst sagen die Italiener, dass sich der Kapernstrauch „von Wind und Sonne ernährt“. Für unsere eingelegten Kapern werden aber zunehmend nicht mehr wilde Kapernsträucher beerntet, wie es zum Beispiel in Marokko heute noch üblich ist, sondern dornenlose Sträucher in Plantagen kultiviert. Südfrankreich und Süditalien zählen neben der Türkei, Griechenland und Spanien zu den Hauptanbauländern.

So gibt es viele andere Pflanzenknospen, die als Kapernersatz verkauft werden, wie etwa die Knospen von Sumpfdotterblume, Löwenzahn, Gänseblümchen, Bärlauch, Scharbockskraut oder Kapuzinerkresse. 

Und was passiert eigentlich mit Kapernknospen, die nicht geerntet werden? Dann blüht der Kapernstrauch mit dekorativen Blüten. Später werden dann die „Kapernäpfel“ oder „Kapernbeeren“ daraus. Es sind die echten Früchte des Kapernstrauchs.

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Buchkapitel

"In fact, the caper's strong flavour comes from mustard oil: methyl isothiocyanate (released from glucocapparin molecules) arising from crushed plant tissues."

"Capers are said to reduce flatulence and have an anti-rheumatic effect. In Ayurvedic medicine capers are recorded as hepatic stimulants and protectors, improving liver function. Capers have reported uses for arteriosclerosis, as diuretics, kidney disinfectants, vermifuges and tonics. Infusions and decoctions from caper root bark have been traditionally used for dropsy, anaemia, arthritis and gout. Capers contain considerable amounts of the antioxidant bioflavinoid, rutin. Caper extracts and pulps have been used in cosmetics, but there has been reported contact dermatitis and sensitivity from their use (Mitchell, 1974; Schmidt, 1979)." 

"There is a strong association between the caper bush and oceans and seas. Capparis spinosa is said to be native to the Mediterranean basin, but its range stretches from the Atlantic coasts of the Canary Islands and Morocco to the Black Sea to the Crimea and Armenia, and eastward to the Caspian Sea and into Iran. Capers probably originated in the dry regions in west or central Asia (Jacobs, 1965; Zohary, 1969). Known and used for millennia, capers were mentioned by Dioscorides as being a marketable product of the ancient Greeks. Capers are also mentioned by the Roman scholar Pliny the Elder."

"Dry heat and intense sunlight provide the preferred environment for caper plants. Plants are productive in zones having 350 mm annual precipitation (falling mostly in winter and spring months) and survive summertime temperatures of 40°C. However, caper is a tender plant of the cold and has a temperature hardiness range similar to the olive tree (−8°C). Plants grow well in nutrient-poor sharply drained gravelly soils. Mature plants develop extensive root systems that penetrate deeply into the earth. Capers are salt-tolerant and flourish along shores within sea-spray zones."

DOI: 10.1533/9781855738355.1.53

Book

Ihren Kapernstrauch pflanzen Sie am besten von April bis Mai. Da der Strauch bei uns nicht im Freien überwintern kann, muss er zwangsläufig im Topf angepflanzt werden. Besonders wohl fühlt sich die mediterrane Pflanze an einem möglichst hellen und warmen Standort mit magerem, durchlässigem Substrat.
Zum Pflanzen mischen Sie zunächst das passende Substrat an, indem Sie Blumenerde mit einem Drittel Sand mischen. Alternativ passt auch Kaktuserde gut für Kapern. 

• Nicht zu häufig giessen
• Staunässe unbedingt vermeiden
• Wassergaben nur bei langer Trockenheit
• Nur einmal jährlich düngen
• Düngergabe im Mai

Überblick: Wie Kapernstrauch schneiden?

• Regelmässiger Rückschnitt ab dem 3. Standjahr
• Im Frühjahr oder Herbst schneiden
• Strauch bis auf ein Drittel der ursprünglichen Trieblänge herunterschneiden
• Triebe auf maximal 8 –10 cm einkürzen

Kapern überwintern – So geht’s:

• Strauch rechtzeitig ins Winterquartier umsiedeln
• An hellem bis halbdunklen Standort überwintern
• Absolut frostfrei
• Ideale Temperatur: 5 – 10 °C
• Nur gelegentlich giessen; nicht düngen
• Im Frühjahr an Licht und Wärme gewöhnen
• Erst nach Eisheiligen ins Freie stellen

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Capers: 1,05

Olives black: https://denstoreklimadatabase.dk/en/food/olives-black-without-stones-in-brine/ra00139

Sundried tomatoes: https://denstoreklimadatabase.dk/en/food/sundried-tomatoes/ra00447

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Narratives Review

1.3. Cultivation of C. spinosa: C. spinosa which is an aromatic plant is usually cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. The most common propagation of C. spinosa is vegetative cuttings [10]. It can flourish under dry hot conditions in either well-drained or poor soils. In addition, C. spinosa is salt tolerant and resistant to drought [17]. Although C. spinosa can be grown in a wide range of environmental conditions, it is generally grown on sandy loam soils with low alkalinity [18]. It grows and flowers from May to October covering the summer drought [19]. Since it has deep, extensive root systems and can be grown in harsh environments, it has been recommended for the prevention of land degradation and soil erosion control [17].

"Currently, the consumption of C. spinosa is not associated with any adverse effects according to the published literature, providing evidence that C. spinosa is safe to consume [83]."

Table 2

DOI: 10.3390/nu10020116

Study: weak evidence

Narratives Review

Capers are extremely rich in phenolic com- pounds as quercetin 3-rutinoside, kaempferol 3- rutinoside, and kaempferol 3-rhamnosyl-rutino- side; free aglycones as quercetin and kaempferol are produced during the brining process. Brining extracts most of the kaempferol 3-rhamnosyl ru- tionside present in the original flower buds. A

10 g serving of capers will provide 30-160 mg of flavonoid glycosides, at least the same amount of quercetin as 100 g of onions yield (Inocencio et al. 2000). Capers contain thioglu- cosides (known as glucosinolates) which release isothiocyanates (mustard oils) when the plant is crushed. Typically the plant yields methyl iso- thiocyanate from methyl glucosinolate, also known as glucocapparin. These mustard oils are responsible for the pungent flavor typical of ca- pers (Capparaceae) and the mustard family (Cru- ciferae), but they also have skin irritant effects and may also cause contact allergies 

DOI: 10.1663/0013-0001(2003)057[0515:ROFAMU]2.0.CO;2

Study: weak evidence

Experimentelle In‑vitro Untersuchung an menschlichen Kolonkarzinomzelllinie HT‑29

"The present study assessed the influence of essential oil and aqueous infusion from wild-grown caper (Capparis spinosa L.) on cell growth, NF-κB activation, apoptosis and cell cycle in the human colon carcinoma cell line, HT-29. Methyl isothiocyanate (92.06%), a degradation product of glucosinolate glucocapparin, was detected as major component of essential oil from caper leaves and flower buds. Aqueous infusion of caper showed an interesting and variegate compositional pattern containing several phenolic compounds, among which a flavonol glycoside, rutin (quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, 50.7%) and 5-caffeoyl-quinic acid (chlorogenic acid, 17.5%) were detected as dominant. Caper essential oil and aqueous infusion showed time- and dose-dependent high inhibitory effect on HT-29 cell proliferation. In addition, they induced the inhibition on nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activity in a dose-dependent manner, while they did not show any effect on apoptosis in HT-29 cells. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that treatment with caper essential oil and aqueous infusion resulted in G2/M cell cycle arrest in a dose-dependent manner. Presented results suggest that caper contains volatile and non-volatile compounds which potentially can play an important role in colon cancer prevention."

DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.074

Study: weak evidence

Narratives Review (kein Systematisches Review, "systematic review" aufgrund von breiter Literaturzusammenstellung).

"Capparis spinosa L. is a species of arid and semi-arid climate zones and is well known as a highly drought tolerant plant. It is one of a few species that grow and flower in summer in arid regions."

"C. spinosa was described as both a rupicolous and a stenohydric plant (Rhizopoulou et al., 1997). Stenohydric plants have not developed dehydration avoidance to as a degree as in desiccation-tolerant organisms such as resurrection plants. Caper plant adapts to calcareous soils or moderate percentages of clay (González, 1973). It has an efficient root system associated with nitrogen fixing bacteria that allows the growth in soils with poor fertility (Andrade et al., 1997). It also tolerates salty, sandy, or rocky soils, with low amount of organic matter as in India (Ahmed, 1986; Kala and Mathur, 2002). It prefers saline and halophytic habitats (Al-Yemeni and Zayed, 1999). Caper is also wildly grown in wall joints and in antique monuments (Barbera, 1991; Chalak et al., 2007)."

"C. spinosa has low flammability thus might be used for cutting down wild forest fires which are Mediterranean climate characteristics (Neyisci, 1987). C. spinosa is utilized for landscaping, it reduces erosions along steep rocky slopes, highways, sands dunes or fragile semiarid ecosystems (Faran, 2014). C. spinosa is a promising species due to its potential use in agroforestry and its ability to protect land in Mediterranean countries (Sher et al., 2012)."

DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01845

Study: weak evidence

"Capparis is grown in Spain, Turkey, Morocco, Italy, Tunisia, Iran, Algeria, and coastal areas of the Black Sea. The average annual Capparis production in the world is estimated at 10,000 tons. Production is carried out in Turkey (3500–4500), Morocco (3000), Spain (500–1000) and other countries (1000–2000 tons)."

DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-15628-1.00009-X

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