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Phenylalanine (Phe, F)

Did you know that phenylalanine is not only important for protein production, but also serves as a precursor for neurotransmitters and the skin pigment melanin? Discover with us which natural foods are particularly rich in this essential amino acid, etc.

CLICK FOR: Ingredients with the highest values

Table of contents

Bibliography - 14 Sources

Many researchers do not believe that Wikipedia is an authoritative source. One reason for this is that the information about literature cited and authors is often missing or unreliable. Our pictograms for nutritional values provide also information on calories (kcal).

1.

US-Amerikanische Nährwertdatenbank USDA.

2.

Kasper H, Burghardt W. Ernährungsmedizin und Diätetik. 11. Auflage. Elsevier GmbH. Urban & Fischer Verlag: München. 2009.

3.

Biesalski HK, Grimm P. Taschenatlas der Ernährung. 6. Auflage. Georg Thieme Verlag: Stuttgart und New York. 2015.

4.

WHO World Health Organization. Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition. Technical Report Series: 935. 2002.

5.

Pencharz PB, Hsu JW et al. Aromatic amino acid requirements in healthy human subjects. J Nutr. 2007 Jun;137(6 Suppl 1):1576S-1578S; discussion 1597S-1598S.

6.

Van Spronsen FJ, Blau N et al. Phenylketonuria. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021 May 20;7(1):36.

7.

Harper AE. Phenylalanine metabolism. Aspartame. 2nd ed. CRC Press, 2020. 77-109.

8.

Kopple JD. Phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism in chronic kidney failure. J Nutr. 2007 Jun;137(6 Suppl 1):1586S-1590S; discussion 1597S-1598S.

9.

Litwack G. Metabolism of Amino Acids. Human Biochemistry. 2018.

10.

Watford M, Wu G. Protein. Adv Nutr. 2011 Jan;2(1):62-63.

11.

Ishiwatari N, Fukuoka M et al. Effect of protein denaturation degree on texture and water state of cooked meat. J Food Eng. 2013;117(3):361-369.

12.

Pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Phenylalanine.

13.

Montgomery AJ, McTavish SF et al. Reduction of brain dopamine concentration with dietary tyrosine plus phenylalanine depletion: an [11C]raclopride PET study. Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Oct;160(10):1887-1889.

14.

Ifst Institute of Food Science & Technology. Protein: Coagulation. 2017.

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